Electric Melting Furnaces for Green Steel

The hot or cold DRI is charged via the fifth hole in the furnace roof. The remaining melt volume (i.e., hot heel) of a DRI-based EAF is up to 30% of the total melt volume to facilitate DRI melting. In contrast to conventional scrap-based furnaces, …

Shaft Furnace Direct Reduction Technology

Midrex and HYL Energiron are the leading technologies in shaft furnace direct reduction, and they account for about 76% of worldwide production. They are the most competitive ways to obtain high quality direct reduced iron (DRI) for …

Mathematical modeling of the shaft furnace process for producing DRI

Mathematical modeling of the shaft furnace process for producing DRI based on the multiphase theory. Figures 5 and 6 show the i nner . variables for pellet s B and C, resp ec-tively.

Making iron & steel

Instead of sinter, the DRI process uses pelletised iron ore. But just like sinter, it still has to have the oxygen removed. This process is known as 'reducing'. Instead of coke, the energy source used in the DRI furnace is natural gas. Again, the result is liquid iron. From the DRI furnace, the iron moves to the electric arc furnace on conveyors.

MIDREX Shaft Furnace Processes for DRI making

MIDREX Shaft Furnace DRI Cooling Gas Circulation Diagram. The shaft furnace uses gas sealing devices for both feeding and discharging, with a sealing gas pressure of 0.10-0.14 MPa and a flow rate of 1000-2000m³/h. ... No …

Optimising Consteel continuous scrap feeding with roof …

DRI in a furnace equipped with a Consteel continuous scrap preheater has not yet ... Fig 1 Carbon content of DRI possible in the HYL self-reforming shaft furnace 100 Combined carbon (cementite = iron carbide - Fe 3 C) in DRI from HYL self-reforming process 95 90 85 80 75 70 ... the arc and the protection of the furnace refractories. Foamy slag ...

COMPENDIUM

3.3.7 Improved refractories 32 3.3.8 Nitrogen as carrier in Al-mix injector 32 ... 3.6.1 Shaft furnace 41 3.6.2 DC arc furnace 43 3.6.3 Bottom stirring – Electromagnetic stirrer 44 ... (DRI-EAF/EIF route) by the terminal year of 2030. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has played a pivotal role, jointly with the Ministry of ...

Characteristics of DR shaft furnace mathematical models (1).

In our simulations, we assumed that the iron ores loaded in the shaft furnace were characterized by an iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) content of 96 wt.%, and that a DRI with a carbon content of 2.0 wt ...

Shaft Furnace Direct Reduction Technology

Midrex and HYL Energiron are the leading technologies in shaft furnace direct reduction, and they account for about 76% of worldwide production. They are the most competitive ways to obtain high quality direct reduced iron (DRI) for steelmaking. Therefore, in the present paper, some detailed information about these two processes are given.

Impact of Hydrogen DRI on EAF Steelmaking

TABLE III identifies some EAF CO 2 sources (9), from power generation (50-70% energy input to the EAF [see Figure 7]) to combustion of C from the bath, dirt on scrap, in-situ C (liquid steel, scrap, PI, DRI, HBI, MagCarbon bricks, electrodes, charge C, injection C), and lime production.. CO 2 remediation is focused on the EAF route, despite the smaller impact it presents, because …

Discharge Options for Direct Reduced Iron and its Hot …

The saving in the refractory consumption is of the order of 1.8 kg/tLS to 2 kg/tLS. Fig 3 shows performance of EAF with 100 % of HDRI charge. ... Transport in a hot transport vessel – When the distance between the DRI shaft furnace and the EAF is more than 300 metres or one DRI shaft furnace is to feed two steel melting shops or more, then ...

TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MIDDREX …

shaft furnace. It is a cylindrical, refractory-lined vessel and is a key component of the direct reduction process. It is flexible as well as a versatile ... shaft furnace. The DRI can also be discharged hot either as HDRI or fed to a briquetting machine to produce HBI. Hence, the product of the furnace ...

Optimization of the Iron Ore Direct Reduction …

Evolution of pellet structure along with reaction: (a) Unreacted Shrinking Core Model; (b) Grain Model.The porous structure evolution (b) was determined from experimental observations [].3. Shaft Furnace Model 3.1. Previous Works. The …

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT COAL BASED DIRECT REDUCTION PROCESSES

reduction reactors: rotary kiln, shaft furnace, fluidized bed and rotary hearth furnace. Fig. 3 shows different process principles fo r coal-based direct reduction processes. 6

Dynamic modeling of a direct reduced iron shaft furnace to …

The DRI shaft furnace is a large cylindrical vessel where the iron oxide pellets slowly descend by gravity. Reducing gas flows counter-current to the solid pellets, entering the side of the furnace, and flowing upward via a pressure differential, reducing the pellets as it flows upward. Below the entering reducing gas is the transition section ...

Corrosion Behavior of MgO-C Refractory in the Electric Arc Furnace …

With the implementation of carbon reduction policies in the steel industry, the shaft furnace direct reduction-electric arc furnace route, as a tremendous potential alternative to the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace route, has attracted the attention of many researchers [1, 2].The use of direct reduction iron (DRI) in the electric arc furnace (EAF) will increase rapidly in …

MIDREX Shaft Furnace Processes for DRI making

The MIDREX shaft furnace has rapidly developed worldwide and has become the most mature and largest direct reduction ironmaking method. Currently, most of the MIDREX natural gas-based shaft furnaces in production …

Iron and Steel

The sustainable hydrogen-based 1 000 000 t/a ENERGIRON Direct Reduction (DR) plant demonstrated the nominal production of DRI, reducing carbon dioxide emissions and marking a significant step in the green steel industry....

Numerical simulation of H2-intensive shaft furnace direct …

The shaft furnace based H 2-intensive direct reduction process has the potential to realize "carbon neutrality" and can significantly reduce the CO 2 emission, compared to the traditional blast furnace process.To date, no commercial-scale shaft furnace using H 2 has been established, due to the lack of corresponding understanding. In this work, a continuum-based …

Comparison of different coal based direct reduction …

Most of the DRI is used in electric steelmaking, but it is also used in blast furnaces and in converters. The demand for direct reduced iron as a charge material of EAF has increased due to DRI offers numerous advantages such as boosting productivity, consistent, stable and high quality steelmaking, and use of a higher quantity of lower grade ...

Integration of Open Slag Bath Furnace with Direct …

The present paper illustrates an innovative steel processing route developed by employing hydrogen direct reduced pellets and an open slag bath furnace. The paper illustrates the direct reduction reactor employing hydrogen …

DRI production | International Iron Metallics …

There are several processes for direct reduction of iron ore: coal based rotary kiln furnaces (mainly in India) - accounting for 24% of 2019 production. Generic illustrations of the types of process are shown in the graphics below. Overview …

H2-Change: Refractories under Attack of Challenging …

In this paper, common and advanced lining materials for gas-driven DRI shaft furnaces are discussed. Based on more than 15 years of experience, STEULER Linings shows some …

ENERGY-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR DIRECT …

entirely through conventional Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF-BOF) route, given high investment costs and limited availability of coking coal for this route. The DRI industry has, therefore, a critical role to play in augmenting India's future steel …

MIDREX Process: Bridge to Ultra-low CO Ironmaking

the shaft furnace. In the shaft furnace reducing gas is counter-, currently fed to the packed bed of iron-ore pellets or lump ore descending therein. The iron-ore pellets are heated up reduced, and carburized very, efficiently by the ascending gas. The iron ore is the shaft furnace and discharged from the bottom of the shaft furnace as CDRI or ...

Electric Furnace Steelmaking

At the same time, long life for the furnace bottom and refractories was expected. Then, new ideas for DC power ... The other industrially applied way of preheating the scrap is the shaft furnace. Up to the writing of the chapter, 57 such furnaces ... Hot DRI is transported to the furnace by means of conveyors, pipes, or gravity feeding. ...

Sticking in Shaft Furnace and Fluidized Bed Ironmaking …

Production of direct reduced iron (DRI), particularly with green hydrogen, is a key pathway to the decarbonization of the iron and steel industry. However, the sticking tendency during the production of DRI creates serious operational issues and limits production outputs. Coating inert materials on the surface of iron ores can act as a barrier to effectively prevent the …

Optimizing DRI production using natural gas

production of all forms of direct reduced iron (DRI) products. Each year, MIDREX® Plants produce more than 60% of the entire world's DRI and more than 80% of the DRI produced by all shaft furnace technologies. INTRODUCTION MIDREX NG™2 MIDREX NG™ NATURAL GAS-BASED IRONMAKING NATURAL GAS – THE CLEANEST, GREENEST IRONMAKING FUEL

Refractory products for copper shaft system.

Copper Shaft Furnace; Impact Zone: DURALAST SIC – Nitride Bonded SiC Brick METAL-ROK ® ARMORMAX ® 28 SiC: Lining: DURALAST SIC – Nitride Bonded SiC Brick MT-SC-85 SiC Mortar – Mortar for laying SiC brick. Backup Lining: CAST 2800 – Castable backup for vertical section; behind impact brick. DRI-VIBE ® 972CSF – Dry Vibratable Backup

H2-Change: Refractories under Attack of Challenging …

This will be done for both gas-driven DRI processes. 2 Lining concepts 2.1 Improvement of gas inlet area This paper focuses on the two major gasdriven processes: one in a non-pressurized and the second one in a pressurized vessel. Both types of DRI shaft furnaces were lined with more or less a comparable refractory material.